CIRJE-F-133. Iwami, Toru, ""Advantage of Latecomer"in Abating Air-Pollution: Experience in East Asia", September 2001; Revised in Febraury 2004.

Between the early 1970s and the mid-1980s, air pollution in Japan, in particular that caused by sulfur dioxide (SO₂), was reduced to a remarkable degree. This reduction resulted from responses to mounting civil protest: governmental regulation policy on the one hand, and innovation of abatement technology and energy efficiency on the other. In large East Asian cities, despite rapid economic growth, air pollution is less severe than it was in Japan in the early 1970s. This is because both government and industry in East Asia took early initiatives to prevent environmental degradation, learning from the experiences of developed countries.